托福阅读提升要点分析

托福阅读提升要点分析, 如何抓考点计划好答题时间?在，今天小编给大家带来了托福阅读提升要点分析,希望能够帮助到大家，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。

托福阅读提升要点分析 如何抓考点计划好答题时间?

托福阅读提升要点一 如何抓住出题考点

(1)时间和数字：在托福阅读的文章中，如果出现了关于时间的词，往往就意味着整篇文章或者段落的展开都是按照时间顺序的，在这种情况下，抓住了时间就抓住了作者用不同的时间点串出的一条时间线索。个别数字的出现意味着这个数字所阐述的概念的重要性往往也是不容忽视的。

(2)逻辑关系

(3)举例缘由：实际上托福阅读考试中考查例子的具体内容的时候非常少，在题目中，更多的是考查作者使用这些例子的原因或它们所证明的观点。

(4)新概念和局部核心概念：所谓“新概念”是指当我们读到文章某个位置时，之前没有出现过的概念。这种新概念的出现，意味着已有的概念已经不能说明这里要阐述的问题，所以，新概念的出现必然也意味着一个重要信息的出现。而“局部核心概念”是指在连续的几个段落中集中阐述的主题概念，对于这种概念来说，无论是作为观点还是举例大家都应该注意，因为它显然是作为重点在文章中被强调的。所以我们在阅读的时候，一定要特别关注这些地方。

(5)主题段和主题句的关键词：托福阅读文章中的主题段和主题句都是参与搭建文章结构的，文章中的很多大题要点都会包括在这部分中，所以这些地方也是考点经常出现的地方。

托福阅读提升要点二 如何把握好做题时间

一篇托福阅读平均字数700字左右，还是学术性较强的文章，想要一字一句读懂每一句话并在练习时还能记得自己所看到过的内容，这需要超强的阅读能力。但对于大多的宝宝来说，还是存在一定难度的，所以一方面需要我们熟悉看一段文章做一段落的题目的解题方式，另一方面就是要有选择性的阅读。

这就要求我们熟悉文章结构(描写现象/给出研究对象—因果分析提出假说—给出证据——指出不足);并概括总结分析每一类题型，了解托福阅读出题套路。对于选项，要擅用直选法和排除法结合，选择时看到相互矛盾或者意思冲突的选项时可以直接排除。另外阅读考试中的错误选项也是有各类特征的，熟练认知各种特征，也可以提升我们的解题速度。

从上文中我们可以看到，托福阅读提升要点主要是考点和时间。考点也就是我们通常所说的出题点，把握好这一点做题自然就容易多了;时间就是做题时间，因为阅读考试时间紧任务重，所以大家要把握好做题时间，确保自己能在限定时间内完成所有题目。

托福阅读技巧之十个黄金原则

1　原文是做题的唯一依据。　请永远牢记这句话。

2　细节题要在原文找到相应的点，可进行适当的推理，但一定要与原文对照，遵循原句主旨.

3　对于理解中本身感觉有点不妥当的地方一定要重视，不可忽略，尤其是这些地方成为考点的时候，一定要理解清楚。

4　指代题中要认清主语：eg. a bottle of water。 简单的一个短句在指代中学会类推：description of behavior。

5 推理源于文中，合理切合主旨。或者只是原句的另一种表达。

6　个人感觉指代尽可能在原句中找，不用参考上下文，但上下文可以用来做检验。

7　与原句意思本身不符的肯定错。所以排除时肯定的先排除，然后不定的再酙酌。

8　概括性题目个人感觉是每段大概有一个主题，把大的主题整在一起就是了。

9　有些时候过于明显的答案可能是错误的，需要找隐藏点的。

10　再次强调一点，尊重原文，答案来自原文，矛盾的肯定为错。

托福阅读：群体智慧成了陈词滥调

群体的智慧”已变成了一个现代陈词滥调。它也是一种奇怪的说法——那些参加纽伦堡党代会(NurembergRallies，1923至1938年期间纳粹党一年一度的集会——译者注)的人、“雅各宾专政”(Reign of Terror)时期那些在囚车旁欢呼的人，都根本毫无判断力。

下面我们通过双语文章了解详细双语内容：

许多形容词可能都适用于描述一群聚集在一起、为“亲爱的领袖”金正恩(Kim Jong Un)鼓掌或是为切尔西足球俱乐部(Chelsea Football Club)欢呼的人，但“有判断力”绝非其中之一。任何未参加过这些活动的人都必须问自己一个问题：为何这么多和我们如此相像的人会有那样的表现?他们究竟在想什么?

There is considerable research on the factors that influence the behaviour of crowds. Weexperience a need to affirm group or tribal identities — a fact that is often exploited byunscrupulous or mentally unbalanced leaders. Groups of people with similar opinions reinforceeach other’s positions, encouraging one another to adopt ever moreextreme views. The answerto the question “what were they thinking?” is that, mostly, they were not thinking at all. That isoften the nature of social behaviour.

关于影响群体行为的因素，有相当多的研究。我们有确认自己群体或部落身份的现实需求，但这一点经常被不择手段或精神有问题的领导人所利用。拥有相似观点的群体成员会强化彼此的观点，促使彼此的观点更加极端化。“他们在想什么?”——这个问题的答案是：大多数时候，他们根本没有在思考。这通常就是群体行为的本质。

So how did the phrase “wisdom of crowds” come into being? It is an expression of themathematical property that an average of many independent estimates of the same variablehas a lower expected error than the individual estimates themselves. That was the context ofthe example which James Surowecki used to introduce the idea in his widely read book of thesame name, citing the distinguished mathematician Francis Galton’s observations at an oxweighing competition (actually, Galton was concerned with the median rather than the meanestimate, but let that technical detail pass).

那么，“群体的智慧”这一说法又是如何产生的呢?它表达的其实是一种数学特性，即对同一变量的许多独立判断的平均值比个人自己判断的预期错误率要低。这就是詹姆斯?苏罗维奇(James Surowecki)在他那本广为传阅的同名书《群体的智慧》(wisdom of crowds)中所援引那个例子的背景。苏罗维奇援引的是著名数学家弗朗西斯?高尔顿(Francis Galton)对一场猜测一头公牛重量比赛的观察(实际上，高尔顿关注的是中位数而非平均估值，但这里忽略这一技术细节)，从而提出了群体有智慧的观点。

It is entirely rational to adopt the common opinion on a subject about which one knows little; Ibelieve the earth is round because that is the balance of informed opinion, and would amillennium ago have believed it to be flat, for the same reason. But the number of practicalsituations in which this statistical property is useful is severely limited. It is usually better todirect one’s efforts at reducing the error of estimates rather than increasing the number oferroneous estimates. That is why we prefer to entrust the navigation of a plane to a skilledpilot instead of using the average of the opinions of the passengers.

在一个自己不甚了解的问题上接受公认的看法是完全明智的;我相信地球是圆的，因为这一结论是主流权威观点，而出于同样的原因，1000年前的人们曾经相信它是平的。但能让这种统计特性能发挥作用的现实情形是非常有限的。通常情况下，更好的办法是去努力减少估计中的错误，而非增加错误估计的数量。这就是为什么我们更愿意将开飞机的任务托付给熟练的飞行员，而不是综合采纳大多数乘客的意见。

The wisdom of crowds becomes a pathology when the estimates of the members of the crowdcease to be independent of each other, and this is likely when the crowd is large, ill-informed,or both. It is in the nature of a crowd to turn on anyone who dissents from what is already theaverage opinion. This is equally true on the streets of revolutionary Paris, the squares ofPyongyang, and the terraces of Chelsea Football Club.

当每个群体成员的判断不再是相互独立的，群体的智慧就会变得病态。当群体数量庞大、信息不灵通(或两者兼有)时，这种情况更可能出现。群体的本性决定了，任何与既有主流观点意见相左的人都会受到群体的攻击。在大革命时期的巴黎街头、在平壤的广场上，以及在切尔西俱乐部的看台上，情况都是如此。

Or on the trading floor of an investment bank. The supposed wisdom of crowds is used as ajustification for claims of market efficiency, crudely expressed in slogans such as “the marketknows best” and “you can’t buck the market”. At a sophisticated level, the idea provides arationale for a regulatory philosophy that attempts to reproduce the conditions required forthe validity of Galton’s result — the existence of many independent estimates of the samevariable.

这种情形同样适用于投资银行的交易大厅。所谓群体有智慧的观点被当作支持市场有效论的理由，并被简单地总结为“市场最权威”和“你不能逆市而为”等口号。说得复杂一点，群体有智慧的观点则为一种监管理念提供了理由，这种理念试图复制证实高尔顿观察结果(即存在对同一变量的许多种独立估算)所必需的条件。

So we aim to promote a trading environment characterised by many conflicting assessmentsof the value of a security based on identical — and therefore necessarily limited — informationabout the value of securities. The belief that an aggregate of casual opinions provides a betterprocess of value discovery than a flow of informed judgment through close engagement byinvestors, is an article of faith rather than a matter of empirical evidence.

因此，我们的目标是推动这样一种交易环境，它的特点是，基于相同(因此也是有限的)信息，对一支证券的价值存在许多种不一致的评估。有人认为，与投资者通过密切关注而产生的大量明智判断相比，随机观点的汇总能更好地发现价值，这种看法只是一种信念，缺乏经验证据的支持。

Galton wrote of the wisdom of crowds. The still more distinguished mathematician IsaacNewton, after losing vast sums investing in the South Sea bubble, wrote more wisely of theirmadness.

高尔顿描写了群体的智慧。一位更著名的数学家艾萨克?牛顿(Isaac Newton)在南海股票泡沫中损失大笔资金之后，更明智地描绘了他们的疯狂。

托福阅读素材：3招让老板听得进你的反对意见

It is important to speak up, and this sometimesmeans disagreeing with your boss. Getting disagreements on the table make it possible tochallenge a problem and gain alignment – without this, teams can’t move forward in the samedirection. Also, tensions get buried and that eventually creates problems. With marketschanging so fast, and many business models in transition, real debates on strategy, direction,and targets are extremely critical today.

我们应该大声表达出自己的观点，但有时你与老板的想法并不一致。把不同的意见摆在桌面上讨论，可以让我们直面问题并最终统一思想，否则团队就无法朝着同一个方向继续前进。而且，如果掩盖而不是解决矛盾，最终只会导致更严重的问题。市场瞬息万变，很多商业模式也在变化之中，因此，关于战略、方向和目标展开真刀实枪的辩论，在今时今日尤为重要。

But how do you challenge the boss? Personalities are different so there will always bevariations on how to approach this type of discussion, but I think there are three points thatare essential to every conversation:

但是，我们应该采用何种方式提出相反意见呢?人们的性格各不相同，所以对待这种讨论的方式也总是有所差异。但我认为，对于这类谈话来说，有三个基本要素普遍适用。

1.) Present the facts.Start the conversation with an analytical assessment of how you cameto your conclusion and why your perspective is different. Steer clear of framing your pointsas opinion or emotionally-based.

1)陈述事实。你为什么持有这种观点?为什么你看待这个问题的角度与老板不同?你应该在谈话之初就给出背后的分析思路。千万避免把你的想法表现得具有主观色彩或者带有情绪化色彩。

2.) Think it through.Chart out the risks and benefits of both paths – your recommendationand that of your boss’. Don’t leave room for surprises!

2)深思熟虑。想清楚你和老板支持的两种不同方案的风险与收益。不要出现任何意想不到的突发状况!

3.) Own what you’re suggesting.Be transparent about what you can deliver, over whattimeframe, and what resources you will need. It’s important to be specific and clear.

3)对你的建议负责。要清楚说明你可以做些什么，什么样的时间框架，需要多少资源。一定要具体、清晰。

The most dangerous elements of disagreeing with your boss are emotionally chargedconversations, lack of clarity on why you disagree, and confusion about the choices on thetable. Don’t get caught in these traps, and your chances of having a productive talk will begreatly enhanced.

与老板观点相左时，最危险的事情莫过于表现得情绪化，或是不能清楚说明你反对的原因，或是对于各种可选方案混淆不清。如果你能避免这些陷阱，就能更有效地提出建设性意见了。

托福阅读素材：借节日涨士气的7大招数

又是一年之始。假日的狂欢已经过去，现在到了认真工作的时候了。不过在我们深入考虑目标、策略、战术和财务预期之前，先看看在2015年，我们可以如何借助一些节日传统行为来提升公司的利润。详细请看下面的双语文章：

1. Celebrations.

1、庆祝

My clients and I use the phrase “Pop a cork!” as a cue to stop and celebrate. Why? Becausesharing a toast does two things; it recognizes progress and potential. It says, “Wow,something great happened, and here’s a toast to having more of it!”

“我们开瓶酒!”——我和客户以此作为暂停一会儿来庆祝的暗号。为什么呢?因为“干杯”意味着两件事：肯定过去的进步，表达对未来的期望。“我们做得真棒!为获得更大的成功干杯!”

That’s the kind of energy we need to keep us moving all year long, so don’t save yourcelebrations for the beginning of 2016, find a reason to pop a cork (real or virtual) at least oncea month.

我们常年需要这种促人奋进的能量，所以不要再等到2016年开始时才庆祝，至少每个月都找个理由来“开瓶酒”吧。

2. Gratitude.

2、感恩

We’re reminded, during the holidays, of how much we have to be grateful for. Expressinggratitude can be a powerful exercise in business as well. Take stock of all the things you haveto be grateful for in your professional life. All the people you’ve connected with, all theexperience you’ve accumulated, all the clients you’ve served. Guess what you’ve done. You’veinventoried your resources. And you’ve probably uncovered a few that are undeveloped;people you’ve neglected, talents and skills you haven’t leveraged, testimonials you haven’tasked for. Develop those resources, and you’ll have more reasons to say “Pop a cork” and evenmore to be grateful for the next time you take stock.

在节日期间，我们会想起有多少需要感激的事物。在商界，表示感恩同样可以产生强大的力量。盘点你在职业生涯中一切要感激的事物：所有你联系的人，所有你积累的经验，所有你招待的客户。猜猜你做了什么。你梳理了你的资源，可能还会发现一些没有得到开发的资源：你忽视的人，没有发掘的才华，没有提升的技能，没有咨询的客户评价。开发这些资源，你将会有更多理由来“拔出软木塞”，并在下一次盘点中更加心存感激。

3. Sending cards.

3、寄贺卡

Right now it’s probably easy to remember the last time you received a physical card, with astamp and a handwritten address. But by March you’ll probably have to think back threemonths to remember how it felt knowing someone took the time to think of you.

现在你也许很容易记起上一次收到带有邮票和手写地址的贺卡的情形。但到了3月，你也许得翻出3个月前的记忆，才能想起被别人花时间思念的感受。

If it’s true for you it’s probably true for some people who are important to your business. Theymay be prospects you haven’t worked with yet, referral sources you haven’t talked to for awhile, or even ex-employees who’ve gone on to bigger things but might be your best source oftalent and clients if you keep the relationship fresh. Anyone who showed up on your gratitudeinventory should probably go on your “just because” greeting card list.

如果对你来说确实如此，那么对于那些对你的公司至关重要的人来说，也很可能是这样。他们也许是你还没有与之合作的潜在顾客，也许是你还没有与之深谈的推介来源，甚至有可能是为了追逐更大目标而离开公司，但只要你保持联系就依旧是你最好的人才和客户源的前员工。任何出现在你感谢清单中的人，也许都应该收到你心血来潮的贺卡。

4. Giving gifts.

4、送礼物

Do you know when you’ll find the most sugar in your dentist’s office? You got it, betweenThanksgiving and New Year’s. That’s because general dentists refer business to dentalspecialists. So every year they get an avalanche of gifts from the practices who have receivedtheir referrals. And, as ironic as it may be, most of those gifts are sweets.

你知道摆放在牙医诊所的糖果什么时候最多吗?猜对了，就在感恩节和新年期间。那是因为普通牙医会给牙医专家推荐业务，所以每年他们都能收到那些获得推荐的诊所送来的礼物。可能有些讽刺的是，大部分礼物都是糖果。

Gifts are sweet any time of year. In fact, they’re even sweeter when they aren’t anticipated, orexpected. You don’t have to give big gifts, it might just mean spending a little extra time with aclient or making a small contribution to a cause you know an employee holds dear. It’s morethan the thought that counts, but it’s the thought that counts the most in building meaningfulrelationships with your referral partners, prospects, employees and friends of the business.

礼物在一年的任何时候都能让人感到亲切。实际上，出人意料的礼物更能营造这种感觉。你没有必要买大礼，也许只需要在客户身上花点额外的时间，或是费点心思了解员工的喜好。礼品的心意比价值更重要，但这份心意却能在你与公司的推介伙伴、潜在顾客、员工和朋友建立关系时发挥莫大的作用。

5. Parties.

5、聚会

Not the drink until dawn kind of parties. With the exception of a few industries, those probablywon’t do much for your reputation. But during the holidays we take more time to reconnect,see people we haven’t seen for a while, and hang out with no agenda except catching up orgetting to know each other a little better. Anyone can put together a networking event, the realkey to building business relationships by hosting get-togethers is to let go of the agendas andsimply connect.

不是那种不醉不归的聚会。除了在少数几个行业，这种聚会对你的名誉可没什么好处。但在节日期间，我们会花更多时间来联系好一阵子没见的朋友，出门闲逛也只为了叙旧和更好地了解彼此。任何人都可以组织社交活动，但组织聚会来建立业务关系的关键在于，抛开动机，专心交往。

6. Reflection.

6、反思

Each year as we say “goodbye” to the old and “hello” to the new, many of us have made apractice of reflecting on the year past. But in business we usually go straight into analysismode. What a SWOTT analysis of the business won’t tell us is our own strengths,weaknesses, opportunities, threats and trends. Yet, the greatest strengths and opportunities,as well as the greatest weaknesses and threats, aren’t going to be found in looking atoperations, or profit margins, or sales funnels or market trends. You’ll only become aware ofthem by looking at leadership. And that begins with you.

每年我们都要辞旧迎新，许多人都养成了回顾过去一年的习惯。但在商界，我们通常会直接进入分析模式。对企业所做的SWOTT分析不会显示我们自身的优势、劣势、机遇、威胁和趋势。研究公司的运营状况、利润空间、销售管道或市场趋势，无助于你了解最大的优势和机遇，以及最大的劣势和威胁。这一切得从你自己开始反思。

7. Resolutions.

7、下决心

Most people have “failed” on their New Year’s resolutions so many times they’ve given up onmaking them. That’s because most people don’t really make sure they have the resolve to dowhat they say they’re going to do. Even more people don’t realize that resolving isn’t a onetimeactivity, it’s a daily practice that becomes easier with repitition. Keep resolving, on New Year’sDay and the 364 days that follow, and you’re likely to find a lot of your problems resolved bythis time next year.

大多数人都在实现新年决心方面屡战屡败，导致他们最后再也不下决心了。那是因为他们并不真正确定自己有决心做那些声称要做的事情。甚至还有更多人没有意识到，下决心并不是一次性行为，而是会不断重复的日常行为。在元旦及剩下的364天中保持坚定，可能在明年的这个时候，你就会发现自己的许多问题已经得到了解决。

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