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倒装句的用法总结

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倒装句的用法

倒装有两种:

将主语和谓语完全颠倒过来,叫做完全倒装(Complete Inversion)。如:In came a man with a white beard.

只将助动词(包括情态动词)移至主语之前,叫做部分倒装(Partial Inversion)。如:Only once was John late to class.

英语句子的倒装一是由于语法结构的需要而进行的倒装,二是由于修辞的需要而进行的倒装。前一种情况,倒装是必须的,否则就会出现语法错误;后一种情况,倒装是选择性的,倒装与否只会产生表达效果上的差异。下面本文就拟从其修辞功能谈谈倒装句的用法。

一、 表示强调:

倒装句最突出、最常见的修辞效果就是强调,其表现形式如下:

1. only +状语或状语从句置于句首,句子用部分倒装。

eg.Only in this way can you solve this problem. 只有用这种方法,你才可以解决这个问题。

eg.Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big mistake.只有当他已经说出那个字后才意识到自己犯了个大错误。

2. not, little, hardly, scarcely, no more, no longer, in no way, never, seldom, not only, no sooner等具有否定意义的词或词组位于句首,句子用部分倒装。

eg. No sooner had I got home than it beg.an to rain. 我刚到家就下起了雨。

eg. Seldom do I go to work by bus. 我很少乘公共汽车上班。

3. so / such...that结构中的so或such位于句首可以构成部分倒装句,表示强调so /such和that之间的部分。

eg.So unreasonable was his price that everybody startled. 他的要价太离谱,令每个人都瞠目结舌。

eg.To such length did she go in rehearsal that the two actors walked out. 她的彩排进行得那么长,以致于那两个演员都走出去了。

以上各例子都用倒装语序突出了句首成分,其语气较自然语序强烈,因而具有极佳的修辞效果。

二、 承上启下

有时倒装可把前一句说到的人或物,或与前一句有联系的人或物在下一句紧接着先说出来,从而使前后两句在意思上的关系更加清楚,衔接更加紧密,起到承上启下的作用。

eg.They broke into her uncle's bedroom and found the man lying on the floor, dead. Around his head was a brown snake. 他们破门进入她叔叔的卧室,发现他躺在地板上死了。一条棕褐色的蛇缠在他头上。

eg. We really should not resent being called paupers. Paupers we are, and paupers we shall remain. 我们确实不应因为被称作穷光蛋而愤愤不平。我们的确是穷光蛋,而且还会继续是穷光蛋。

三、 制造悬念,渲染气氛

在新闻或文学创作中,有时为了内容的需要,或是为了强调,作者常常运用倒装来制造悬念,渲染气氛。如:

Hanging on the wall was a splendid painting. 墙上挂着一幅精美的图画。

再如朗费罗(Longfellow)《雪花》中的一节:

Out of the bosom of the Air,

Out of the cloud-folds of her garments shaken,

Over the woodlands brown and bare,

Over the harvest-fields forsaken,

Silent, and soft, and slow,

Descends the snow.

在这一节诗里 ,诗人就富有创意地运用了倒装。在前五行中 ,诗人堆砌了七个状语,状语连续出现而主语和谓语却迟迟未露 ,造成一种悬念效应。全节读罢 ,读者才对诗歌的主题恍然大悟 ,因而收到了不同凡响的艺术效果。

四、 平衡结构

英语修辞的一个重要原则是尾重原则,即把句子最复杂的成分放在句尾以保持句子平衡。在语言使用中为了避免产生头重脚轻、结构不平衡的句子,我们常采用倒装语序。

1. 以作状语的介词短语开头:当主语较长或主语所带修饰语较长时,为了使句子平衡,常将状语置于句首,句子用完全倒装语序。

eg.To the coal mine came a com-pany of PLA soldiers with orders from the headquarters to rescue the trapped miners.

eg.A company of PLA soldiers came to the coal mine with orders from the headquarters to rescue the trapped miners.

一个连队的解放军战士来到了那座煤矿,奉司令部之命解救受困的矿工。

eg.On the ground lay some air conditioners, which are to be shipped to some other cities.

eg.Some air conditioners lay on the ground, which are to be shipped to some other cities.

地上放着一些空调,等着用船运到其他城市去。

从例句中可看出, 采用倒装语序的A句结构平衡稳妥 ,读起来自然流畅,而采用自然语序的B句结构零乱, 读起来也别扭。因而,在主语较长时就应采用倒装语序以取得理想的表达效果。

2. 以表语开头的句子:有时为了把较长的主语放在后面,须将表语和谓语都提到主语前。

eg.Such would be our home in the future. 我们将来的家就是这个样子。

3. 以副词here , there开头的句子,也采用完全倒装来保持句子平衡。

eg.Here is the letter you have been looking forward to. 你盼望已久的信在这儿。

五、 使描写生动

有时为了使叙述或描绘更加生动形象,增加语言效果,可将表示方向的副词(如:down, up, out, in, off, on, away等)或拟声词(bang, crack等)置于句首,句子采用全部倒装的语序(主语为人称代词的句子除外)。

eg.Up went the rocket into the air. 嗖地一声火箭就飞上天了。

eg.Down jumped the criminal from the third floor when the policeman pointed his pistol at him. 当警察把手枪瞄准那个罪犯时,嘭地一下他就从三楼跳了下去。

eg.Boom went the cannon! 轰隆一声大炮开火了!

eg.Bang came another shot!砰!又是一声枪响!

以上句子简洁明快 ,生动逼真地描述了有关动作 ,令我们一览此类倒装的风采。但这种倒装句的修辞功能在语段中可以体现得更为清楚。

"Stop thief! Stop thief!" There is a magic cry in the sound. The tradesman leaves his counter, ... Away they run, pell—mell, helter—skelter, yelling—screaming, ...

"Stop thief ! Stop thief !" The cry is taking by a hundred voices, ... Away they fly, splashing through the mud, up go the window, out run the people. ( Dickens )

作者在第一段和第二段中分别用副词away, up和out位于句首引出四个倒装句Away they run , Away they fly, up go the window , out run the people。从而制造出一种紧张、急促的气氛 ,生动地刻画了一个紧张、混乱的捉贼场面。

倒装是英语中一个重要的修辞手段。倒装句的使用丰富了我们的语言表达,了解并掌握倒装句各种句式的用法 , 不仅会提高我们对英语语言的欣赏能力 , 对英语表达能力的提高也将大有裨益。因此,写作中适当用一些倒装句式定会使文章表达更生动、有力。

关于not only和only+状语的倒装句用法解析

一、概述:

英语修辞的一个重要原则是尾重原则,即把句子最复杂的成分放在句尾以保持句子平衡。在语言使用中为了避免产生头重脚轻、结构不平衡的句子,我们常采用倒装语序。例如:

1. Not only did he refuse the gift,he also severely criticized the sender.

他没有收下礼物,还狠狠批评了送礼的人。

2. Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.

她刚出门,就有个学生来访。

3. No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.

她刚出门,就有个学生来访。

二、需要注意的是:

1. 如果置于句首的Not only… but also仅连接两个并列词语,不可用倒装结构,如:

Not only you but also I am fond of music

只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时,才在第一个分句用倒装结构。例如:

1)Not only is he a teacher, but he is also a poet.

他不仅是一位教师,而且是一位诗人。

2)Not only did he speak more correctly, but he spoke more easily.

不仅他讲得更正确,也讲得更不费劲了。

2.如果修饰主语就不能倒装。

Only John was there-----因为only已经修饰主语了。

She met only John there------Only John did she meet there------only修饰John放在句首就要倒装.

3. “only+状语”位于句首时的倒装

当一个状语受副词only的修饰且置于句首时,其后用部分倒装语序:

Only then did he realize that he was wrong. 到那时他才意识到他错了。

Only in this way are you able to do it well. 你只有用这种方法才能把它做好。

Only when he returned home did he realize what had happened. 当他回到家里时,才知道出了什么事。

三、总结:

以上是关于only的英语倒装句,倒装是英语中一个重要的修辞手段。倒装句的使用丰富了我们的语言表达,了解并掌握倒装句各种句式的用法,不仅会提高我们对英语语言的欣赏能力,对英语表达能力的提高也将大有裨益。因此,写作中适当用一些倒装句式定会使文章表达更生动、有力。

“倒装句”的12种用法

一.完全倒装

1)完全倒装即把整个谓语放到主语之前(是整个谓语动词,而非助动词)。

例如:The teacher came in and the class began.(没有倒装)

In came the teacher and the class began. (老师走了进来,然后开始上课。)

2) there引出的完全倒装句:除了最常见的there be句型以外,there还可以接appear, exist, lie, remain, seem to be, stand等,一般都译成"有"的含义,构成完全倒装句。

例如:There appeared to be a man in black in the distance.(远处有个穿黑色衣服的人。)

3)由地点和时间副词引出的完全倒装句:以地点副词here, there和时间副词now, then 开头,后面的动词是be, come, exist, fall, follow, go, lie, remain, seem, stand等,而主语又是名词时,构成完全倒装句。

例如:Up climbed the boy when his mother came.

4)当句首状语由“only +副词”,“only +介词词组”,“only +状语从句”构成时,句子须倒装。

例如:Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing.

5)当句首状语为here, there, now, then等时,句子须倒装,主语是代词时,句子不用倒装。

例如:1)Here is a ticket for you.2)Now comes your turn.3)Here he comes.

6)以关联词so (…that)开头的句子中,句子须倒装。例如:

1)So small was the mark that I could hardly see it.

2)So quickly did the workmen finish their work that they were given a bonus.

3)So much does he worry about his financial position that he can’t sleep at night.

7)在as, though引导的让步状语从句中,在as, though引导的让步状语从句中,一般将形容词、副词或名词等置于句首。例如:

1)Small as the atom is, we can smash it.

8)在here, there引出的倒装句中,当主语是普通名词时用完全倒装句,但当主语是代词时,就要用部分倒装句。

例:1) Here comes the postman!(邮递员终于来了!注意实意谓语动词位于主语之前。)

Here we are.(我们到了。注意系动词位于主语代词之后。)

2)当主语是代词,谓语是系动词,表语是说明性的词、词组和定语从句时,可以使用完全倒装句,起强调作用。

例:Lucky is he who has been enrolled into a famous university.(他真幸运,被一所名牌大学录取了。)

二.部分倒装解析

1)部分倒装即只把谓语的一部分(如助动词、情态动词等)放到主语前,或把句子的强调成分提前。

例如:Nor did he let the disease stop him from living the kind of life he has always dreamt about(疾病没有使他放弃过上梦想中的生活)

2)以否定词开头的句子要求部分倒装。注意下列句子中助动词或情态动词提前、甚至补充助动词的用法:

例:Not until yesterday did little John change his mind.(小约翰直到昨天才改变了主意。)

3)以否定副词开头并加状语放在句首的句子要求部分倒装。这些否定副词有barely, hardly, little, seldom, scarcely…… when, never, no sooner…… than, rarely, no more, not nearly, not only等以及only。

例如:Only in the country can you learn the “true English”.

4)此外,一些介词+no+名词的结构中需要用部分倒装,这些结构包括at no time; by no means; by no manner of means; for no reason; in no case; in/under no circumstances; in no sense; in no way; on no account; on no consideration; at no point

例如:Under no circumstances should you lend Paul any money.

注意:如果上述否定副词出现在强调句型中的前半部分,不用倒装

例:It was not until he went abroad that he knew the truth of the fact.(直到他出国以后才了解到事实真相。)

5)由as引导的部分倒装句:

a)当as作为比较意义时,即用于as + adj./ adv. + as结构中时,如果把第一个as省略掉,就形成部分倒装句。

例:Cautious as the rest of her family (was) , she didn't seem willing to give an immediate reply to my question.(正如她家里人一样谨慎小心,她似乎不愿意立即回答我的问题。)

b)当 as引导让步状语时,和although, though一样,当用作“尽管”之义时,可以用于部分倒装句。

例:Hard as he worked, he did not pass the exam.(虽然他很用功,但他还是没及格)

c)表示原因时,为了强调起见,也可以倒装。

例:Tired as he was, we decided not to disturb him.(因为他太累了,我们决定不打扰他。)

d)等于so时,意义是“也,也是”

例:She worked hard, so/ as did her husband. (她工作很努力,她的丈夫工作也很努力。)

6)so, neither, nor倒装

除了构成上述倒装句以外,还可以取代上文出现的名词、形容词甚至整句话,构成完全倒装句或部分倒装句。但这两种倒装的意义不同。

a)当so表示“也,相同,那样”时,通常表示对前一句肯定句的赞同、一致内容,要求使用完全倒装句:

例:He promised to finish my homework, so did I.

b) so /such……that句型可以构成部分倒装句,表示强调so /such和that之间的部分:

例:So selfish was she that everyone avoid talking with her.

c)也存在such+be+主语的情况用以强调

例:Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man of great achievements.(阿尔伯特?爱因斯坦是一个有伟大成就的普通人)

d) neither和nor共有3种倒装形式,其含义分别为:

1)完全倒装时:表示"也不",和上文a)用法正好相反,表示对前一句否定句的赞同或一致内容。

例:You don't know what to do now, neither/ nor do I .(你不知道现在该做什么,我也不知道。)

2)和其它否定副词连用,表示"也(不)",也要求用完全倒装句:

例:The besieged enemy could not advance, nor / neither retreat could they .(被包围的敌人既不能进,也不能退。)

注意:若把这句话改成:"The besieged enemy could neither advance nor retreat.(被包围的敌人既不能进,也不能退。)"就不必倒装。

例:She never laughed, nor did she ever lose her temper.

3)用在肯定句里,构成一般否定倒装:

例:All that is true, nor must we forget it.(那全都是真的,我们可不能忘记。)

语法知识:如何使用倒装句

一、部分倒装

1. 疑问句和特殊疑问句

几乎所有的问句都使用了倒装句的形式。

例句:Is he going to the club?

但是,如果疑问词在句中作主语或主语的定语是,就不需要倒装了。

例句:Who is that guy standing there?(无倒装)

2. There+助动词/情态动词+主语+……

在There be的句型中,其实也暗藏着倒装的结构,其中主语会放在助动词或情态动词之后。

例句:There is a table next to the door.

3. 句首为否定意义的副词

hardly, never, seldom, rarely, scarcely, nowhere, not, not only, little, in no way, on no account, no longer等含有否定意义副词放在句首的时候,其后需要部分倒装。这种表达一般带有惊讶或不可思议的意思,如果你不想表达出这种语气,可以采用正常句式,不将副词放在句首。

例句:Seldom have I seen such beautiful work.(有一种对作品的美丽表示感叹的语气)I have seldom seen such beautiful work.(正常语序并不突出感叹的语气)

4. 状语受副词only修饰,且only置于句首

only放在句首,与副词、介词短语或状语从句连用时,句子需要部分倒装。

例句:Only by working extremely hard could we afford to eat.

5. 使用so/neither/nor表示前者所说的情况与后者相同

so用于前后相同,表达肯定,而neither或nor用于前后相同,表达否定。either和too置于句首,并不需要倒装。

例句:He went to the club, and so did his brother.

6. so…that句型,且so置于句首

这种情况的常见句式是so+形容词/副词+部分倒装+that+……

例句:So beautiful was the girl that nobody could talk of anything else.

7. 省略if的虚拟条件从句,且有had, were, should

在if引导的虚拟条件从句中,并且含有had, were, should等时,如果要将if省略,则需要部分倒装,将had, were, should移到主语之前。

例句:Had I been there, this problem wouldn't have happened.

二、完全倒装

1. 表示地点、时间或顺序的副词here, there, now, then等置于句首

将here, there, now, then置于句首,其后接的谓语一般是be,或者表示移动的不及物动词如come, go,或者表示存在的动词如stand, sit, lie,全句需要完全倒装。

例句:Here comes the car.

2. 表示方向的副词away, down, in, off, out, over, round等置于句首

当表示方向的副词置于句首时,全句完全倒装。

例句:Down came the rain.

但是,如果主语是人称代词的时候,就不能使用倒装句型。

例句:Away it went.(无倒装)

3. 表语和地点状语置于句首

将表语和地点状语放在句首,会有强调的意味,这时全句需要完全倒装。

例句:Round the corner came the knights.

4. There+be/live等+主语

当There be/live开头的句子中,主语后并无其他成分时,这个句子可以看成是一种完全倒装的倒装句。

例句:There live a lot of sportmen.

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